Formalizing discretion as a dynamic budget problem yields time-dependent override thresholds and shape-dependent spending rates, with homelessness data showing budget-constrained discretionary patterns.
LLM comparative ranking predicts borderline papers before human review, enabling targeted allocation of extra reviews to the acceptance boundary rather than random assignment, improving review efficiency.
The paper defines meta-design for resource allocation by optimizing upstream design parameters like data, capacity, and quality, and demonstrates the framework in German employment and Ethiopian cash transfer programs.
Watermarking lacks enforceable standards and audit infrastructure, so current implementations serve as symbolic compliance rather than effective AI oversight.