Neural Modal Decomposition: Architectural Priors from Observables

Abstract

Many engineering building blocks behave as multi-port linear time-invariant systems. RF cavities, photonic devices, and superconducting quantum chips, despite their different underlying physics, all share a common mathematical structure for their port-level response. Each entry of the response matrix is a sum of contributions from a small number of intrinsic resonant modes, the pole-residue form. A model capable of predicting such responses for arbitrary geometries and arbitrary port configurations, while simultaneously extracting the underlying eigenmode structure, would therefore establish a foundational design principle spanning all these domains. We propose a neural framework that learns this modal decomposition end-to-end, supervised only by system-level observables and without supervising the modal parameters themselves. The architecture decomposes into a port-independent pole predictor and two port-dependent coupling predictors whose outputs are combined entry-wise, separating intrinsic from port-dependent features. This factorization yields a single trained model that generalizes to port counts unseen during training, dissolving the $\mathcal{O}(N^2)$ scaling barrier of direct regression. Despite no modal supervision, the freely-parameterized poles converge to physically meaningful eigenmodes, verified by cross-validation against the AAA rational approximation algorithm. We instantiate the framework in radio-frequency electromagnetic surrogate modeling. A model trained only on 2-port data accurately predicts $N$-port responses unseen during training.